Pharmacology for Nursing Free-Samples for Students Myassignment

Questions: 1.What are the Indications and activities of the endorsed Medications? 2.What are the most Common Interactions of the endorsed Medications? 3.Discuss the Medication Management Education that is required to Enable Angela to deal with her Medications at home. Answers: 1.The condition that Mrs Angela Brown matured 68 experiences is what is restoratively alluded to as multimorbidity. Essentially, multimorbidity is condition where at least two incessant infection influences the patients. This circumstance is for the most part common among the more established individuals. The cations that were taken from the outset to give het Metronidazole500mg was perfect at that specific time since the aftereffects of such remedy assumes a significant job in the condition of individual (Pinnell Hoopla advanced, 2014). From the patients who have experienced a similar test they are given a similar solution to assuage the circumstance or in particular remember the seriousness of the ceaseless issue showed previously. Notwithstanding, some prudent steps should be taken before taking this medicine since it contains some elevated level of cancer-causing which may unbelievably influence the patient who has history of kidney or liver issue (Herbert-Ashton Clarkson, 2008). It is consequently significant for the attendants to take full history of the patient seeing the previous history to see or rather decide the pertinence of being given the said drug before being controlled to the patient so as not to cause some hazard factors that are related with it. Presumably, Mrs Angela Brown might be encountering some type of uneasiness if the past specialist couldn't plainly catch her previous history on her conditions (Hogan, Burke, Gingrich Taylor, 2013). It is consistently reasonable that before this medication is regulated the doctor ought to have earlier information on the patient in order to realize how best to sedate them. Standard test additionally sums to progressive improvement of the patient. Be that as it may, this solidly rely upon the preparation of the patients to reveals all the data viewing their wellbeing in order to have clear information on the best way to be helped by the concerned surgeon in their subject matter (Lilley, Collins Snyder, 2 017). It has been seen that the collaboration of the patient with the specialist or expert is exceptionally instrumental in making sure that they are in a place of getting the best services.2.Metronidazole500mg IV tds ought to be taken as endorsed by the specialist as there are some multifaceted nature that might be clear in the event that it not taken by the solution to the last mentioned (Brenner Stevens, 2013). It is perfect to take note of that the previously mentioned medication ought to be taken 2 endless supply of taking dinners. So also, this medication should not to be bitten, squashed or broken during the time spent accepting it as it might have critical issues to the patient taking it. This additionally suggests it may not assume its significant job as proposed and in this way it is constantly suggested that it ought to be taken like that in its totality (Toy, 2008). To guarantee that the aforementioned sedate doesn't have impact to ones body, it is perfect for one to get some customary testing on blood and liver in order to discover that their condition is steady. Consequently, it is consistently significant for the patient to tell the specialist that they are utilizing Metronidazole500mg IV tds in order to give their primary care physician simpler chance to realize how to treat orc which medication to endorse for the patient. It has been set up that skipping of this medication results to higher dangers to the patients (Sammour, 2010). Therefore, it would be reasonable for the patient to visit the surgeon and reveal to them their circumstance in the event that they find they have not taken the medication for certain days since taking it without the assent of the specialist may have negative effect on its taker. Another zone of concern is that, there is additionally requirement for the patient to have close contact with the clinical overseer in order to direct them on fitting advance to produce in the event that the side results of such medication g ets prominent. There is additionally need to have home nursing care in view of its eminent job in adding the individual to recuperate well. This is likewise met to make sure that the patient watches the remedy to the last mentioned. 3.For Mrs Angela to deal with her medicine, it will be significantly for her to have normal exam and clinical counsel to help her completely recover from that compounding condition. Normal exams are exceptionally instrumental to such patients since it would give an away from of her presentation or progress and in this manner permitting the specialist to realize how best to approach her conditions (Lehne, 2010). To add on that, basing on Angelas age, it is significant for her to get some home nursing which will altogether play respectable roe in her snappy recoveries. Her conditions might be named as the one that needs palliative consideration and in this manner this nearby observing and nursing will permit her to completely recuperate quick than foreseen. There are a portion of the practices that one needs to evades while taking this medicine (Kee, Hayes McCuistion, 2015). This resembles issue of one taking liquor or alcohol. In any case, it has been seen that Metronidazole500mg IV t ds has endless symptoms if the prudent advances are not completely placed into thought for the wellbeing of the patient. In this way, Angela needs somebody who will consistently screen her condition for better recuperation. It might be taken twice for seven days and most expert lean toward this since it shows extraordinary improvement in the piece of the patient. A portion of its reactions are looseness of the bowels slurring in discourse and numerous others (Burchum Rosenthal, 2015). Angela might have the option to deal with her nursing at home in the event that she is in steady correspondence with her attendant who offers her, palliative consideration there at home (Katzung Trevor, 2015). Since this is multimorbidity condition, it requires exceptionally close observing and accordingly Angela might have the option to understand her goal of recuperation well she needs to get full help from the medical caretaker who us reacts to her medical problems on time Interactions of medication s and its belongings medication to tranquilize communications These are drugs that raises the cooperations for different medications. Medication to tranquilize communications may at time decline the usefulness of ones ordinary medication and accordingly ruin their method of recuperation in that capacity. This generally may build the odds of creating genuine type of sickness and to tackle causing reactions which are extremely inclined in size (Katzung Trevor, 2015). For example, on the off chance that one takes a verity of medications, for example, antihistamine, Benadryl and Vicodin, they may create sluggishness to reactivity if such medications in the body. Some medication, for example, nonsteroidal calming drugs in indomethacin, brings down the usefulness of kidney and accordingly upset the discharge oflithium, a medication utilized for bipolar confusion. The cure of this is a portion alteration and away from of the patient. medication to food cooperations It is perfect to take note of that there are a portion of the medications that can contrarily connect with some food such grapefruit juicer. This is on the grounds that the said food decreases the degree of proteins that is critical in separating the said prescription. As such blood level for a specific medication increments and in this way coming about to elevated level of harmful in the body (Lehne, 2010). For instance Salbutamol 2 puffs prn Amiodarone 200mg day by day Aspirin 300mg every day On a similar breath, the aftereffect of this might be torments in the muscles which is therapeutically known as rhabdomyolysis. Bronchodilators for example, theophylline or albuterol, and epinephrine may have incredible impact to the individual particularly whenever utilized with food. It is consequently that one is progressed to maintain a strategic distance from refreshments that contain caffeine. Taking quite a bit of this builds the bioavailability of theophylline level in persistent medication to home grown cooperations Home grown collaborations may have unfriendly impact to its customers for various reasons explained underneath. This is significantly credited to the way that a large portion of the natural medications have not been marked with security notice which is a significant qualities of other medication. As such the buyer may take the enhancement just to discover it is responding adversely with either food or some other medication. This may staggeringly meddle with the ordinary taking of medications as it frustrates the separating of the medication and as such may result to opposite symptoms (Brenner Stevens, 2013). It is significant for one to consistently check with the specialist to find out the security of a specific natural before its utilization. References Brenner, G. M., Stevens, C. W. (2013).Pharmacology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. Burchum, Jacqueline., Rosenthal, Laura. (2015).Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Care. W B Saunders Co. Herbert-Ashton, M. J., Clarkson, N. E. (2008).Pharmacology. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Hogan, M. A., Burke, S. O., Gingrich, M. M., Taylor, T. (2013).Pharmacology. Boston: Pearson. Katzung, B. G., Trevor, A. J. (2015).Basic and clinical pharmacology. Kee, J. L. F., Hayes, E. R., McCuistion, L. E. (2015).Pharmacology: A patient-focused nursing process approach. Lehne, R. A. (2010).Pharmacology for nursing care. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier. Lilley, L. L., Collins, S. R., Snyder, J. S. (2017).Pharmacology and the nursing procedure. Pinnell, N. N., Hoopla advanced. (2014).Nursing pharmacology. US: Dot EDU. Sammour, S. G. (2010).Pharmacology for nursing. Toy, E. C. (2008).Pharmacology. New York: M

Leadership Programmes In Higher Education Research Paper

Authority Programs In Higher Education - Research Paper Example s One needs to consider the degree of scholastic arrangement of the original understudies, the attributes of their relatives, their modification and desires for their advanced education, and the conflict between their home culture and school culture while managing their advanced education issues. As called attention to by Forest and Kinser, the â€Å"first age understudies are more probable than other undergrads to postpone their enrolment in school, and in this manner, when they are selected, they are more seasoned than customary students† (Forest and Kinser 262). Also, the vast majority of the original understudies have a place with low-salary families and there are numerous who participate in longer work a larger number of hours than non-original understudies to help the family. A significant number of these students have dependants and accordingly they have to satisfy their familial and budgetary commitments alongside their higher examinations. Similarly, greater part of t he original understudies experience the ill effects of absence of self-assurance and poor confidence as they view themselves as scholastically in reverse to their friends. All things considered, they neglect to adjust to the school scholastic condition and absence of help, inspiration and direction from the piece of their companions, relatives and family members represent another extraordinary hindrance to their advanced education. Correspondingly, a large portion of them experience nerves, fears and disappointments and are spooky by their past encounters. London, in such manner, imply that the original understudies go up against not just the nerves, disconnection and struggle, separations, and challenges of any undergrad however they experience ‘substantial social just as social and scholastic transitions’ (London 168). Every one of these qualities feature the proceeded with need to offer... This paper focuses on that fulfillment of scholarly achievement goes to be out of reach for them without every one of these advancements. As we have just talked about original understudies face various hindrances during their scholarly course which shows the need of help programs. The understudies who are the recipients of these projects accomplish mental preparation which is the most significant prerequisite for an understudy to focus on his investigations so as to make scholarly progress. Greater part of the original understudies utilize these chances and one moment rate among them neglect to proceed with their investigations or to accomplish better scholastic outcomes. This report makes an end that since the vast lion's share is profited it is fundamental to proceed with the help projects and subsidizing as it tremendously helps the original understudies to prevail in life crossing the all the obstructions ahead. Resources need to give more consideration to the issues of original first year recruits preceding the necessities of perfect understudies who have family support and money related soundness. The creator talks that the expanding interest for the award each year shows the achievement of the program in drawing in the original green beans to universities for advanced education. Organizations could lead programs so as to make them mindful of the awards gave by various establishments and direct their understudies to be the recipients of these help programs. Educators can distinguish the original understudies and their specific issues effectively and could prescribe answers for defeat their troubles, as they connect intimately with the understudi es.

How to Spot Financial Elder Abuse - OppLoans

How to Spot Financial Elder Abuse - OppLoans How to Spot Financial Elder Abuse How to Spot Financial Elder AbuseThe elderly are often easy targets for scammers, so heres how you can identify the signs that an elder is being financially abused.Elderly people are some of the most vulnerable members of our society. They can have limited mobility or knowledge of modern technology, so they often require assistance to perform various tasks. That leaves them wide open to being taken advantage of.“Elder financial abuse is a huge problem,” warned Steve Weisman, lawyer, author, and identity theft expert who writes at  Scamicide.com  (@Scamicide). “Studies have estimated the amount of money lost to elder financial abuse at $3 billion with seniors frequently targeted by scammers.The elderly are a perfect target for such criminals because they have wealth accumulated over a lifetime and are perceived as being more trusting and vulnerable to the tactics employed by scam artists, the only criminals we call artists.In fact, studies at Cornell and the University of Iowa h ave found that the parts of our brain that deal with skepticism that protect people from being scammed become less viable as we age.”Since you likely have an elderly relative or friend, you should familiarize yourself with the specifics of elder abuse, including how to spot it and what to do when you suspect it’s happening. Even if you don’t have an elderly person you care about, you’ll be an elderly person one day, so read on.What is financial elder abuse?Many people are aware of “traditional” elder abuse. We won’t go into too much detail about it, but this is the sort of thing you hear happens in nursing homes, where attendants might be physically or emotionally harmful in their interactions with residents. Financial elder abuse can exist as part of or independent of other forms of elder abuse.“Financial elder abuse is the abusive use of financial control by someone that an older person trusts, eventually resulting in harm,” explained Susanna Williams, a consulta nt for Hospice of South Louisiana. “This can include a wide range of behaviors such as forging checks, stealing property or possessions from an elderly person, perpetrating cons to get their trust, and using a credit card without their knowledge.”Modern financial technology offers scammers more avenues than ever. Which is why it’s important for you to familiarize yourself with the signs that financial elder abuse is occurring.The signs that financial elder abuse is occurring.If you’re close enough to the relative you’re concerned about, you may have access to their financial accounts and will be able to monitor them closely. But aside from directly monitoring an elder’s accounts for suspicious activity, there are other signs to look out for.Karen Webber, forensic accountant and founder of Webber CPA, offered some red flags to look out for:“Unusual account activity.“Recent account changes such as joint owner or new POA added, beneficiaries changed, or statements forwa rded to a new address.“A new relative or friend accompanies the older adult and/or has become overly interested in their finances.“Inconsistent handwriting such as signatures on checks and financial and/or legal documents.“Lack of food in the home or a home in disrepair may indicate that the older adult does not have money to cover basic needs.“Piled up mail such as unpaid bills or new credit card statements.”It’s important to be aware of who the potential scammers might be, whether they’re anonymous grifters or close relatives.“The most common form of abuse is financial abuse and it is hard to identify and stop it,” advised  Budgets Made Easy (@budgetsmadeeasy)  founder and Master Financial Coach Ashley Patrick. “A lot of times it is scammers that call and mail the elderly in order for them to send them thousands and thousands of dollars. I had one victim that sent her entire life savings because she thought she was going to win a prize.“Other forms of abuse c ome from family members. That can be harder to identify because you have to look for it and be aware. It is so hard because the victim has to be declared incompetent and a lot of times they are not to that point yet. So, they may willingly send their money or give their money away without realizing they are being taken advantage of.”Now what?So you’ve noticed some suspicious activity and you’re concerned it might be elder financial abuse. What can you do?“A key indicator of financial exploitation is evidence of some other form of abuse, because financial exploitation typically co-occurs with physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, or neglect,” warned Webber. “Whenever financial exploitation or other abuse against an older adult is suspected, call the police. A referral should also be made to the local county Adult Protective Services (APS) agency.“While the police will look into the criminal aspects of the case, APS can help coordinate various forms of assistance that t he older adult might need, as well as take steps necessary to protect the victim’s assets while the case is being investigated.Financial professionals should have organizational policies and procedures for reporting suspected financial elder abuse and putting protective measures in place to protect a victim’s assets in accord with applicable regulations.”Any research you can do into local laws could be a big help.“In order to stop it, it is important to know your local laws,” suggested Patrick. “Identify who is the one scamming the person and then taking over their finances. It is a long and difficult process but it is so important in order to protect their livelihood.”Financial elder abuse can be very tragic. We hope this advice will help you weed it out.  To learn more about how you and your loved ones can keep yourselves safe from scams and fraudsters, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Beware These Scams That Target SeniorsExpert Roundup: 13 Sig ns You’re Being Scammed5 Steps You Can Take to Prevent Identity TheftDating App Dangers: 7 Tips to Avoid Getting Scammed by a Fake RomanceDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN  |  InstagramContributorsAshley Patrick  is a Master Financial Coach and founder of  Budgets Made Easy (@budgetsmadeeasy). She started helping people budget and pay off debt after paying off $45,000 in just 17 months while working as a police officer. She now stays at home with her three kids and tries to stay sane in the chaos.Karen Webber is a forensic accountant, Certified Public Accountant, and Certified Fraud Examiner in Rochester, New York, who has worked on financial exploitation cases for older and vulnerable adults for the last ten years.  Karen earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and a Master of Science degree in Forensic Accounting at the College at Brockport, State University of New York. Before starting her own practice, Karen spent five years in the forensic and litigation services division of a regional certified public accounting firm.  Today, she and her staff at  Webber CPA, PLLC, serve every enhanced multidisciplinary team (E-MDT) in New York State and New York City by assisting participating law enforcement precincts, civil attorneys, government agencies, and other service organizations with their investigations of financial exploitation against vulnerable adults.Steve Weisman  is a lawyer, college professor at Bentley University and author.  He is one of the country’s leading experts in identity theft. His most recent book is “Identity Theft Alert.”  He also writes the blog  Scamicide.com  (@Scamicide)  where he provides daily updated information about the latest scams and identity theft schemes.Susanna Williams is a consultant for  Hospice of South Louisiana, a hospice that provides a holistic approach to symptom management and support for elderly patients and their families. Hospice of South Louisiana has been awarded Readers Choice Award for Hospice and received a top ranking of 100% compliance by Medicare.

The Backlash Against Serial And Why It s Wrong - 1335 Words

In his passionately written article â€Å"The Backlash Against Serial—and Why It’s Wrong,† author Conor Friedersdorf comes to the podcast’s defense following the harsh criticisms that have been thrown at Serial since its debut. Serial is a spinoff series from parent podcast This American Life, which details the investigation of a brutal 1999 murder involving high school seniors of the Baltimore area. Friedersdorf’s piece not only comes to defend Serial’s honor, but it also fights back and grapples with the disparaging comments thrown at the podcast. In particular, the accused transgressions from fellow writers Jay Caspian Kang in his own work â€Å"Serial and White Reporter Privilege† and Jeff Yang’s post from online news outlet Quartz. In my judgement, Friedersdorf does an excellent job refuting Kang’s and Yang’s opposing views and persuading his audience that Serial is innocent of the accused wrongdoings because of his straightforward approach, his many examples to support his claims, and his thorough knowledge of the material. What are these wrongdoings you ask? Kang claims that Serial is not so much about the cold case it is investigating, but more so the producer and narrator, Sarah Koenig’s, fixation on the case. He also believes that while Koenig may be well intentioned, she is interpreting and making assumptions on facts of the lives of people within minority communities involved with the case. 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The Age For Drinking Should Stay The Same - 1934 Words

Like a closed bottle of champagne, some teenagers are shaken up by the expectations of society, Madeirized to the pressures of life and uncorked leaving them all fizzled out before they reach maturity In today’s society, young adults are facing the diverse strains of life which lead them to drink to not only solve their problems, but to surpass the fun child appropriated days of their youth. As a result, like Adam and Eve, young adults are tempted by the serpent to eat the fruit only seeing the remarkableness of its creation and not its poisonous corollary. Therefore the age for drinking should stay the same if not raised, because if minors were allowed to drink it would not only obscure the lines between adult and child. Lines like, the†¦show more content†¦Consequently, if the drinking age was to be lowered this allowance would invite teens to consume alcohol in copious amounts in order to balance the problems they are currently facing and the problems ahead. For ex ample in a study done by the Palo Alto Medical Foundation things concerning homework and school work stressed teenagers out the most, followed by expectations by their family members to do well and then by their social lives. Subsequently, because of the expectations set by family members and the importance of doing good in school and how it leads to living a good life teenagers are compelled to feel as though stress is the only way to live making them more likely to consume alcohol in vast amounts in order to express their feeling. endorphins produced by alcohol which give excitement to the brain and allow the body s main motor and thinking functions to relax, they are overcome by emotions and feel as though a way to escape these pressure of life is to consume alcohol . But by way of contrast, most teenagers do not comprehend the lasting struggles that go along with drinking and so the psychological and emotional effects in which alcohol has on one s life the cause drinking age to stay the same. During, every teenager’s life they are driven by one phrase â€Å"Carpe Diem† or seize the day. This philosophyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Wrong Age, Wrong Choice: Alcohol Abuse789 Words   |  4 PagesSo they want to lower the minimum drinking age from 21 to 18 because they think 18 years old adult is enough mature to handle. Although in reality, it would kill sociality and the country because of those people who never think for the action before they do. Lowering the Drinking Age Law is the worse choice for the government to do and most people absolutely oppose. Most people agree and strongly recommend that in order to drink, people should have a higher age of initiation and maturity becauseRead MoreThe Smoking Age Should Be Legal Drinking Age1517 Words   |  7 Pagesrequiring you to be over the age of 21 to consume alcoholic beverages. This law has proved itself by saving many lives and overall just having a positive outcome in the community. People say that no matter what the age limit is kids will still drink? I completely disagree, believe it or not there’s endless ways in which it can be prevented while the drinking age remains 21. Parents make a big difference and can prevent this from happening and I have to agree 100% that the drinking age has saved hundreds ofRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1700 Words   |  7 PagesNational Minimum Drinking Age Act made all 50 states raise the legal drinking age to 21(Dejong). The debate is on whether the age should be lowered or not. 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The Ethics and Diversity Issues in Organization Term Paper

Essays on The Ethics and Diversity Issues in Organization Term Paper 1. Diversity in the workplace represents an overall need and requirement for equity, legality, fairness, and efficiency. Yet, it must be understood that diversity is not merely a compliance issue. Accordingly, the three main determinants of diversity and the means through which they can benefit a given organization are with regards to the overall level of increased efficiency that a diverse organization can benefit from, the added potential of integrating with the needs of an increasingly diverse consumer base, and seeking to make a given organization/firm/entity representative of the general society and/or population within a given region. Each of these benefits and/or takeaways from the article that was presented have little if any relationship to legality issues. Seeking to specify this point strongly is extremely important due to the fact that so many stakeholders view legality as the primary â€Å"check in the box† that they must engage in order to fulfill a given diversi ty requirement. However, as has been presented, diverse city in and of itself has a litany of tangential benefits that do not have anything to do with the overall level of legal requirements that may define or constrain it. For instance, by engaging with a diverse group of individuals within the workforce, and seeking to ensure that diversity is represented at every juncture of an organization, the overall level of representativeness that the organization can have will greatly be maximized. Within the current environment, it is of the utmost importance to ensure that the firm/organization/business entity is fully able to speak to the specific needs of its consumers. As such, having a workforce that is diverse and representatives of this consumer base is not only good business practice, it also promotes a greater level of understanding between the consumer and the service/good provider/producer. A related but dissimilar level of benefit can of course be had with respect to making a firm representative of the general community and/or region that they serve. This not only as a benefit with regards to the fact that the firm clearly exhibits a commitment to hiring available talent within the workforce, it also has to do with the way in which stakeholder and community buy-in occurs. If a given firm/entity is viewed as one that is not diverse and ultimately will share little if any interest in seeking to promote diversity within the region, it is not only likely that consumers of the end good/service will be turned away, available talent will also be discouraged from applying to this particular entity. A final determinant that must be noted is with respect to the overall diversity of viewpoints that would be engaged within a firm that prizes diversity as one of its primary goals. Diversity is oftentimes viewed in a one dimensional framework. What is meant by this is that diversity is seen as something that can only be defined with respect to age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, level of disability, or any other number of constraining and/or defining characteristics. However, diversity is much more than it merely a listing of apparent life decisions, levels of ability, and/or ethnicity or religious views. Instead, seeking to foster diversity has a direct and indirect level of benefit with respect to the way in which teams and work groups can seek to solve different issues. For instance, if a firm that represents an overall lack of diversity seeks to integrate with a specific problem, the overall effectiveness of its solutions will be in question due to the fact that it has not engaged a diverse group of individuals in seeking to solve these issues. Naturally, this is not to state that a firm that engages and diversity is effectively much better in problem solving; rather, it merely delineates the fact that such groups are much more likely to bring alternative viewpoints and additional understanding to situations that might not otherwise be understood in the same light. 2. With respect to creating an action plan for seeking to eliminate the problems that exist within a given organization that suffers from a lack of diversity, it must be understood that this process cannot take place overnight. Rather, seeking to establish a healthier culture and one that places an emphasis upon the degree and extent to which diversity can be leveraged as an asset and not a requirement must take time. Within such an understanding, fostering diversity is a multi step process that begins with a clear delineation of focus amongst all of the team members and component parts of the organization/entity in question. All too often, firms throughout the world seek to engage a new culture merely by briefing upper management with regards to the way in which changes should be delineated within their respective departments. Although it is useful for these briefings to be made and upper management to be keenly and fully aware of the organizational and cultural changes that an organiz ation/business entity seeks to engage, seeking to perform these merely by delineating tasks and impressing upon management a new focus. Accordingly, in order for a cultural change to be noted, it is most oftentimes necessary for the human resources department to become intimately involved in seeking to promote this change through the offering of standardized and/or optional learning sessions to define the way in which the firm should seek to grow and develop in the near future. Although it is sometimes dangerous, seeking to point out the failures of the past as a means of defining and delineating a new culture is oftentimes one of the best ways in which a firm or organization can seek to impress upon the stakeholders the importance of pursuing a new path. Although many firms might like to retain an element of omniscience, admitting to the stakeholders that the previous method of operation and culture was an ineffective means of continuing to further and promote profit and/or development of the business product is a useful and helpful way to engage with the necessity of changing cultural interpretations and including a higher degree of diversity. That actionable means through which diversity can be maximized within a given firm/entity is with regards to leading by example. If the CEO/director of the organization engages with a cultural approach that promotes diversity and seeks to choose potential hires based upon the level of diversity that they represent, this cultural approach to an alternative model will soon begin to resonate throughout the rest of the firm. As such, seeking to engage the human resources department forcing diversity upon the mid-level management and decision-makers oftentimes backfires whereas an approach that is more amenable to leveraging the degree of respect that stakeholders oftentimes associate with the decisions of a manager, the degree of likelihood that an increased focus upon the importance of diversity will be represented is increased dramatically. Although there is a litany of best practices that can be engaged with respect to seeking to foster a culture of diversity, it must be understood th at no single approach in and of itself is sufficient. Rather, it is the responsibility of the respective human resources department, and stakeholders within the decision making structure of the organization, to ensure that diversity is leveraged in a multitude of different ways. Through such an approach, the needs of each of the representative sectors of the organization can come to a more informed understanding with regards to how a greater degree of diversity can benefit them in the long run; not only provide a check in the box to requirements of other sorts.

Dataset to Forecast The Values

Question: Write a report analyses a dataset to forecast the values of two variables for a span of six years time. Answer: The report analyses a dataset to forecast the values of two variables for a span of six years time. The scenario states that a person named Scot Jansen has a daughter who is twelve years old now. Mr. Scott wants to pay the tuition fees of the University in which he would admit his daughter in six years from now. The fees of the University for the First Year would be $20000. Scot has a plan of investing $300 per month for the next six years before his daughter gets admitted to the university. Scot has started depositing money in two mutual funds. Very low monthly fees characterize both the investment funds. The investment strategy, which the first fund follows, is so designed that it would match the return of the SP 500. The second fund offers short-term (one-year) investment in Treasury Bills. Scot has planned to follow a policy in which he decided to contribute a fixed portion of $300 to both the funds in a fixed proportion. Scot consulted two advisors to guide him with the investments in each fund. The advisor guiding him with the first fund suggested that he should invest 80% of his proposed amount to the first fund, and the remaining 20% should go to t he second fund that is the fund of Treasury Bills. The advisor backing the first fund is of the view that the SP fund has managed to earn higher returns than the Treasury bill fund. The second advisor suggested Scot exactly the opposite that is he should deposit more in the Treasury bill fund than in the SP 500 funds. The advisor argues that though in the short run, stock returns become a risky investment, the investor can avoid such risks in the span of six years time. He also says that if Scot invests following his plans then maybe the average return will be lower, but he will have enough money accumulated in his account to meet the expenses to pay his daughter's university fees in the first year of her admission to the university. In this situation, Scot wants himself to be guided as what strategy he can follow. Analysis of the data The data set, which Scot has at hand, describes the rates of interest for both the SP500 fund as well as the short-term Treasury Bill Fund. The data that is provided illustrates the monthly rates of interest for both the funds in which Scot intends to invest his 300 dollars. The data also provides the month index of each month. The rates of interest are given from the month of January in 1990 to the month of December of 2013. The analyst finds the following values for the rates of interest for the next two years that is the values from January 2014 to December 2015 from the Yahoo finance website (Yahoo Finance Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News, 2016). The rates of interest for each month from January 1990 to December 2015 are the actual monthly returns which Scot will get if he invests money in both this account. The data that the analyst collects from the yahoo finance website which gives the monthly returns from the month of January 2014 to the month of December 2015 th at is the data for the next 24 months is added to the given data set along with the previous values for 288 months. The new data set so formed is named as college fund.xlsx. After the collection of the full data set into the spreadsheet of an excel file, the analyst observes that during the period from January 2014 to December 2015 many of the values observed previously in the values of monthly returns for the past 288 months repeats themselves in the added data set. The analyst develops a spreadsheet model and simulates the two investment plans suggested by the two agents supporting the two mutual fund policies. The analyst plots the values of the monthly returns of both the mutual funds, first for the span of 288 months; that is from January 1990 to December 2013 and the for the values of the next 24 months against time. The analyst observes that the line chart drawn for the mutual fund SP 500 for both the periods of 288 months first, then 24 months does not depict the picture of any trend nor seasonality nor any cyclic variation. Both the graphs of the SP mutual funds depict irregular variation in the values of the monthly returns. The analyst now obs erves the line chart that he has drawn for the Treasury bill fund over a period of 288 months first and then for the remaining period of 24 months. Both the line charts of the Treasury Bills fund shows that the monthly returns are characterized by a trend. The four main components of time series data are a trend, seasonal variations, cyclic variations and irregular variations. Data collected over a period as in this case where the data spans over a period of 25 years, a long-term oscillation may appear in the data. This long term oscillation is termed as a trend. A trend may be of two types- linear or nonlinear. Another component that may be present in a time series data is random variations. The cause of the presence of random variation in a time series data is mostly unknown and the irregularity in the data cannot be removed by any calculations. Irregularity may be present due to changes in weather conditions or a sudden attack of natural calamity, etc. The other two variations present in time series data are cyclic and seasonal variations. One can see seasonal variation in the data after a fixed interval of time. That span of time is less than a year. Seasonal variations can be seen in the sale figures of stores selling seasonal pro ducts say woolen garments. The sale for woollen garments increases every year during the winter season. Hence, one can observe seasonality. Cyclic variations repeat itself after a span of time which may be more than a year (Granger Newbold, 2014). If Scot follows the first policy of investing $240 in SP 500 and $60 in the short term Treasury Bills, then the total amount that will be accumulated in his account after the span of six years will be $24359.52. When Scot follows the second plan of investing $60 in SP 500 and $240 in Treasury Bills, then the total amount accumulated in his account after six years would be $24156.93. Hence, one can see that the value accumulated in Scot's account following both the plans would surpass the value of money, which he intends to build up in six years time. The analyst then simulates 100 iterations of the total value of monthly returns that Scot will receive following both the strategies described earlier over a span of six years time. Simulation is a method of gathering or accumulation of large data so that the data can be further used to perform data analysis with that data. Nowadays different softwares are available which made the task of simulating data quite easily and time saving. The following are the stages to simulate data: Formulation of the model: seeing the data set the analyst forms a mathematical model with that data set. Implementation of the model formed: the analyst then runs programs in different statistical softwares to match the model formulation. Validation of the model: the analyst then validates the model to check if the data provided truly fits the model Experimental design: the analyst performs an experiment in a controlled set up with the validated data. Data analysis: finally the Analyst performs data analysis to achieve the accurate results from the data. Following the method of simulation the analyst frees himself from a great load of repetitive work involving substitution of numbers. Nowadays softwares in computers assist analysts to perform simulation quite easily (Box, et al., 2015). After obtaining the simulated values of the monthly returns, the analyst draws histogram based on the final values. The analyst draws a histogram for both the scenarios. The histogram describing the first plan where Scot invests $240 in the SP 500 and $60 in the short term Treasury Bills fund shows that the highest frequency is observed for the monthly return value of $24496.8. The histogram analysis for the second plan where Scot invests $60 in the SP 500 and the remaining $240 shows that the frequency for the monthly return value of $20875 is the highest. Based on the simulation results and looking at the histograms and line diagrams, the analyst can make certain recommendations to Scot. The analyst has already discussed above that the phenomenon of irregularity is observed in the monthly returns of the SP 500 fund, whereas a trend is observed in the values of the monthly return for the short-term Treasury bill fund. The analyst is of the view that more return can be generated from a process possessing irregular variations, as it does not follow any particular probability law or distribution. Though more risk is attached with a process, having irregularity but the returns that can be obtained is also very high. The process that observes a particular trend would fetch lower returns following the trend. The risk associated with investing in such a process possessing trend is also very less as compared to the process showing irregularity (Petitjean, et al., 2012). Hence, in this regard, the analyst may suggest Scot to follow the words of the first advisor who advised him to invest $240 in SP bills and the remaining amount of $60 in the short-term Treasury bill fund. The histogram analysis of the above two plans also depicts the same picture. The histogram drawn for the first scenario shows that the amount with the highest frequency is even higher than the value with the highest frequency in scenario two. Moreover, the line charts drawn for both the mutual funds shows that the monthly returns obtained from the SP 500 fund fluctuate with time. The line charts drawn for the Treasury bills fund shows more or less a constant trend followed by the monthly return values. Considering all the above observations, the analyst suggests Scot to follow the first plan in which he would invest more money in the SP 500 fund whose monthly return values are quite irregular. If Scot needs to pay $10000 more that is a total of $30000 as the university fees of his daughter after six years then also the analyst would suggest him to follow the same conventions to invest his money in the mutual funds. In this case, he needs to accumulate more money in six years time by investing the same amount of $300 per month in both the mutual funds. As one can see from the above analysis that value generated following the first plan is higher than the value generated following the second plan in six year's time, the analyst would suggest Scot to follow the same strategy of investing $240 in SP 500 fund and $60 in the Treasury bill fund. The analyst may have to consider some real world factors that might affect the simulations made and the conclusions drawn. The analyst may need to check certain factors that may be present in the data. The analyst can search for the modal value from the values of the monthly returns of both the funds. The analyst may check for the presence of seasonality or cyclic variations in the data. The presence of such factors may direct the analyst to consider a different model to analyze the data and predict the value of returns in six years time. Conclusion After analyzing the given data, the analyst can successfully guide Scot in the right directions to proceed with his investment plans. The findings of the analysis depict the picture that the SP 500 mutual fund is more volatile as compared to the short-term Treasury bill fund. Hence, the analyst suggests Scot to invest following the plan suggested to him by the first advisor to gain higher returns to pay the fees of his daughter's university in six years time. References: Anderberg, M. R. (2014).Cluster analysis for applications: probability and mathematical statistics: a series of monographs and textbooks(Vol. 19). Academic press. Aoki, M. (2013).State space modeling of time series. Springer Science Business Media. Box, G. E., Jenkins, G. M., Reinsel, G. C., Ljung, G. M. (2015).Time series analysis: forecasting and control. John Wiley Sons. Brockwell, P. J., Davis, R. A. (2013).Time series: theory and methods. Springer Science Business Media. Chatfield, C. (2013).The analysis of time series: an introduction. CRC press. DeFusco, R. A., McLeavey, D. W., Pinto, J., Runkle, D. E., Anson, M. J. (2015).Quantitative investment analysis. John Wiley Sons. Godsill, S. J., Doucet, A., West, M. (2012). Monte Carlo smoothing for nonlinear time series.Journal of the american statistical association. Granger, C. W. J., Newbold, P. (2014).Forecasting economic time series. Academic Press. Gyrfi, L., Hrdle, W., Sarda, P., Vieu, P. (2013).Nonparametric curve estimation from time series(Vol. 60). Springer. Petitjean, F., Inglada, J., Ganarski, P. (2012). Satellite image time series analysis under time warping.Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on,50(8), 3081-3095. Robson, C., McCartan, K. (2016).Real world research. Wiley. Shumway, R. H., Stoffer, D. S. (2013).Time series analysis and its applications. Springer Science Business Media. Treiman, D. J. (2014).Quantitative data analysis: Doing social research to test ideas. John Wiley Sons. Woodward, M. (2013).Epidemiology: study design and data analysis. CRC Press. Xia, J., Mandal, R., Sinelnikov, I. V., Broadhurst, D., Wishart, D. S. (2012). MetaboAnalyst 2.0a comprehensive server for metabolomic data analysis.Nucleic acids research,40(W1), W127-W133. Xia, L. C., Ai, D., Cram, J., Fuhrman, J. A., Sun, F. (2013). Efficient statistical significance approximation for local similarity analysis of high-throughput time series data.Bioinformatics,29(2), 230-237. Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News. (2016).Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://finance.yahoo.com/ Zhu, J. (2014).Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets(Vol. 213). Springer.

Top 10 Essay Ideas For Students Essay Example

Top 10 Essay Ideas For Students Paper What is essay writing for you? Do you jump over the moon when you write it? According to the survey, we can divide all students into two groups: ardent fans of creating the content and haters of this process. Which groups do you belong to? Despite your answer, we invoke you to read this article, as it is the wand that helps make this process interesting and choose fascinating essay ideas. Are you ready to know more? We have prepared for you 10 winning essay ideas that can serve as a tutorial for writing academic and non-academic papers. Do not worry; we don’t have an intention to annoy you with the wordage material. So, deeds not words. Many students are sure that in order to have a qualitative piece, it is enough to write the introduction, main body, and conclusion. To some extent, they are right. Nevertheless, we have to reveal some mysteries that this process comprises. Below you can find priceless information about the key stages of essay writing. We aim to collect for you tips and essay topics that are suitable for different types of paper. Lets get this show on the road. Pick a topic We will write a custom essay sample on Top 10 Essay Ideas For Students specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Top 10 Essay Ideas For Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Top 10 Essay Ideas For Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Perhaps, you would like to skip this stage, but it is forbidden. This step is crucial as we cannot start the persuasive or argumentative essay without the central point of discussion. You have to pick the topic ideas for an essay that will meet your tastes. Try to choose one that applies to you as it is much more fascinating to investigate the theme that is interesting for you. Do not try to examine the essay ideas that are written to death as it will not attract the target audience. We highly recommend you to choose the debatable and controversial theme that can be interesting for people of different age and social status. Another key thing to know is that your topic depends on the purpose, whether it is to inform or persuade. Here are essay ideas that can be suitable for speech, argumentative paper, persuasive writing, and even debate. We want to highlight that these topics help you improve knowledge and develop skills. Should boys and girls study separately? How do you think, junk food and fizzy beverages can substitute candies? Should the government tax junk food? What is the main cause of global warming? Is the public speaking important for self-development? Should pupils wear a school uniform? What is the impact of cell phones? Should powerful companies contribute to the development of education? Are singers and actors paid too much? The video games and violence. What is the hidden context of alcohol advertisement? Should we recycle the trash? Religion versus war. Should the weapon be under control or free access? Despite the branch of science, you have to pick the essay ideas that attract the target audience. Do not try to be omniscient or funny; your task is to create content that will be informative and scientific. From the wide variety of topics choose the winning one that will bring you success. Write down everything that comes to your head Take a paper and write each idea that can be considered as reasonable for your piece. Do not be afraid of mistakes as it is just a primary draft of your future creation. Perhaps, such step seems to you messy, but it is an effective way to collect your ideas. After that, you narrow down the assumptions and single out the most effective. Moreover, such freedom makes your essay diverse as you will not force yourself to write. Be sure that inspiration will come to you. Organize everything Scholars have developed two brilliant methods that help collect and keep in order your thoughts and ideas. First is Venn Diagram; do not worry if you haven’t used it before. According to this diagram you have to draw two circles. Let’s imagine that your topic is about pros and cons of smoking. At first circle you need to name the possible positive aspects; at second – negative. In the middle where two figures intersect, you have to write â€Å"neutral arguments.† As a result, you will have three structured rows with the essential information. Spider Diagram. In the middle of the paper write your topic and draw branches with supporting ideas for it. You are going to create a type of web that illustrates the outline of the essay. With the help of such scheme, you will not miss the important idea. Group the thoughts After a time when you have chosen the ideas, you have to decide whether they fit each part of the writing: introduction, main body, and conclusion. It is a type of forbidden thing to duplicate the same information in two paragraphs. Work out the vocabulary Apparently, each academic and non-academic paper relates to some branch of science and essay topic. In order to make it professional and qualitative, you should make the vocabulary with accurate and advanced terms. It helps you express what you want scientifically. We highly recommend you to learn new word formative prefixes, suffixes and roots in order to make the language of the essay diverse. Do not forget to use the vocabulary properly. You have to feel the content and insert the world that fits the essence. Please, be careful with such experiments and avoid awkward situations. Elevator technique Such method is well-spread all over the world. Its main essence is based on the growth of readers’ attention to your paper. It means that each part has to be more interesting than previous one. Remember to insert different questions as it motivates readers to keep reading the paper and find the answer. Share with reader testimonials of scholars Here you should show the target audience what other scholars said about this topic. You can quote somebody with the correct citation. We highly recommend you not to cite too much as it is your investigation, so your thoughts should be mixed with the opinion of scientists. Be a reporter You can ask the members of your family to answer some questions related to your topic. For instance, you are writing about sport; so you may ask: â€Å"What is your favorite kind of sport?†, â€Å"How often do you practice it?† Such method helps you collect new information, vocabulary, and ideas. Moreover, the small talk with your interviewees will inspire you for new ideas and challenges. Hope it will be useful. Read the international masterpieces Before start the creation you should have the paper that can serve as the example that you can follow. It can be the works of Shakespeare or other prominent writers. ;

AV and Semilunar Heart Valves

AV and Semilunar Heart Valves What Are Heart Valves? Valves are flap-like structures that allow blood to flow in one direction. Heart valves are vital to the proper circulation of blood in the body. The heart has two kinds of valves, atrioventricular and semilunar valves. These valves open and close during the cardiac cycle to direct the flow of blood through the heart chambers and out to the rest of the body. Heart valves are formed from elastic connective tissue which provides the flexibility needed to open and close properly. Malfunctioning heart valves inhibit the hearts ability to pump blood and life giving oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves The atrioventricular valves are thin structures that are composed of endocardium and connective tissue. They are located between the atria and the ventricles. Tricuspid Valve: This heart valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. When closed, it allows oxygen-depleted blood returning to the heart from the venae cavae to fill the right atrium. It also prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle. When open, it allows blood from the right atrium to flow into the right ventricle.Mitral Valve:Â  This heart valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. When closed, it allows the left atrium to fill with oxygen-rich blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary veins. It opens to allow blood from the left atrium to fill the left ventricle. Semilunar Valves The semilunar valves are flaps of endocardium and connective tissue reinforced by fibers which prevent the valves from turning inside out. They are shaped like a half moon, hence the name semilunar (semi-, -lunar). The semilunar valves are located between the aorta and the left ventricle, and between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle. Pulmonary Valve: This heart valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. When closed, it prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. When open, it allows oxygen-depleted blood to be pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This blood goes onto the lungs where it picks up oxygen.Aortic Valve: This heart valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta. When closed, it allows blood from the left atrium to fill the left ventricle and prevents the back flow of blood that is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta. When open, oxygen-rich blood can flow to the aorta and onto the rest of the body. During the cardiac cycle, blood circulates from the right atrium to the right ventricle, from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, from the pulmonary artery to the lungs, from the lungs to the pulmonary veins, from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, from the left atrium to the left ventricle, and from the left ventricle to the aorta and on to the rest of the body. In this cycle, blood passes through the tricuspid valve first, then the pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and finally the aortic valve. During the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle, the atrioventricular valves are open and semilunar valves closed. During the systole phase, the atrioventricular valves close and the semilunar valves open. Heart Sounds The audible sounds that can be heard from the heart are made by the closing of the heart valves. These sounds are referred to as the lub-dupp sounds. The lub sound is made by the contraction of the ventricles and the closing of the atrioventricular valves. The dupp sound is made by the semilunar valves closing. Heart Valve Disease When heart valves become damaged or diseased, they dont function properly. If valves dont open and close properly, blood flow becomes disrupted and body cells dont get the nutrient supply they need. The two most common types of valve dysfunction are valve regurgitation and valve stenosis. These conditions put stress on the heart causing it to have to work much harder to circulate blood. Valve regurgitation occurs when valves dont close correctly allowing blood to flow backward into the heart. In valve stenosis, valve openings become narrow due to enlarged or thickened valve flaps. This narrowing restricts blood flow. A number of complications may result from heart valve disease including blood clots, heart failure, and stroke. Damaged valves can sometimes be repaired or replaced with surgery. Artificial Heart Valves Should heart valves become damaged beyond repair, a valve replacement procedure can be performed. Artificial valves constructed from metal, or biological valves derived from human or animal donors can be used as suitable replacements for damaged valves. Mechanical valves are advantageous because they are durable and dont wear out. However, the transplant recipient is required to take blood thinners for life to prevent blood clot formation due to the tendency of blood to clot on artificial material. Biological valves can be derived from cow, pig, horse, and human valves. Transplant recipients are not required to take blood thinners, but biological valves can wear down over time.

Batting lineup against any one particular team Research Paper

Batting lineup against any one particular team - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that statistics are useful in almost any area of life. Consider the workplace, home, social organization, or sports arena. Statistical analysis enables us to consider where we have been, where we are going, and how effective we have been at both stages. It is a process that allows us to consider and realize trends, either positive or negative, and lead us to conclusions about what to do next. Owing to this reality, it is therefore important to consider the myriad of uses that statistics brings to everyday life. To accomplish this, this paper will examine a hypothetical problem and propose a research question that can be solved through statistical analysis. Consider the sport of baseball. Each team has a manager who bases many of his decisions on various pieces of statistics that are given to him. A team’s batting lineup, for example, often is a critical piece to the number of runs a team scores, and their ability to win games. It can be said, therefore, that a team’s batting lineup depends upon statistical analysis and affects their ability to score runs, hit off certain pitchers, and avoid putting hitters in situations where they are likely to fail. The problem in baseball, like many of life’s situations, is that basing a decision on wrong assumptions can be disastrous. The batting lineup in baseball is a critical component. All aspects of the hitter and the opposing team’s pitcher must be considered when making out the lineup.... Research Question The research question for this problem would be: What batting lineup will prove the most effective against any one particular team? Data Collection To answer this question, there is a plethora of data the collected in order to assist in the statistical analysis that will lead to the formation of an effective batting order. To begin, the manager would need to collect various components of a player’s batting average. This includes, but is certainly not limited to, the following items: 1) A hitters overall batting average, 2) A hitters average with runners in scoring position, 3) A hitters average against right handed pitchers, 4) A hitters average against left handed pitchers, and 5) A hitters average against the specific opposing pitcher assigned to any one particular game (Albright, 1993, p. 1178). The data to be collected can be gathered by taking a look at a player’s combined batting averages over the course of a season. In today’s day and age , this is usually simplified with the use of technology. It is important to collect the data from one season only, as a hitters performance tends to fluctuate season by season, so their performance in previous years may not reflect on this current ability, or inability, to hit well against a particular pitcher this year (Talsma, 1999, p. 738). When thinking about much how much data is needed to solve this problem, more is definitely better. The more data that can be covered, in as many relevant areas as possible, the more benefit the statistical analysis can be to provide a manager with the accurate picture they need to assess player performance as the season progresses. Data Analysis It is not enough to simply collect a bunch of data related to hitting in baseball. The data must then be analyzed

National Strategy for Counter-terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

National Strategy for Counter-terrorism - Essay Example The (FID) foreign internal defense are terms used in programs that are meant to either reduce or suppress the favorable conditions that would promote the insurgent conditions, in this overview the response and detection of potential acts or threats describe the principals of counter-terrorism. This paper argues that the overarching goals articulated in the National Strategy for Counterterrorism increase U.S. military involvement in the types of small wars. Small wars from the view of many theorists can be described as strife between irregular and regular forces, this definition extends even to the encompass regular troops in different event or cases that demand their presences and responses like in variable context like in roles of national interest ,politics or culture. If the so-called small wars are analyzed from the political perspective, it is evident that the opponents whenever decide to stand their ground rarely succeed in direct pitched battles. As opposed to traditional rebe llious tribesmen, the modern arenas of warfare record some irregularities in their adversaries. As compared to the past, the sole means was through psychological and political warfare. In this general understanding, success in small wars therefore must include effective means of undermining legitimacy of the adversaries. This means that small wars have to include strategies ranging from peacekeeping, response, small-combating units, and operational as means of survival (Caraccilo 3). The small wars information is a remarkable modern counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, peace operations and other irregular operations remarkable anticipation. In some cases like the argument passed by the United States on the Marines that best strategy was to separate and intervene between warring factions through their negotiations and eventually reach an amicable settlement that does not involve fighting. The best strategy in other situations was to impose order, intervene and create new governments. In the latter, instance the fact that the overarching aim in the interests aligned new polity with the U.S. Nevertheless, the marine asserted that the sole purpose should be on the protection of the citizens and people through the government. These strategies in relation to terrorism are driven by extreme ideologies that often have global implications and possible new realities. These ideologies and violence embracing from the divergent responsible groups can achieve a reach globally. This new reality’s impact is that there are diverse effects from the terrorist attacks on the country’s interest regardless of where there are issues or attacks occur (Ravndal 7). The National Strategy for Counter-terrorism articulate overarching goals of the countries involved, such as the U.S. military and its involvement in counter-terrorism strategies as described in article 8905. It shows that the effects of the small wars and the new realities brought in by terrorist attacks on the country. As such, the country is forced to constantly intervene in the interference. This causes drastic and negative effects since the contemporary conduct of the military activities that take place in contested social norms and legal terrains, the engagement of military forces in armed conflicts conventions, antiterrorism, counter-conspiracy, enforcement of peacekeeping, law enforcement or stability operations result to deaths and even destruction of property. Through this, there is a dense mixture of law through

An Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health Essay â€Å"The demonstration of a social gradient of health predicts that reducing inequality itself has health benefits for all, not simply for the impoverished or deprived minorities within populations. † (Devitt, Hall Tsey 2001) The above quote from Devitt, Hall and Tsey’s paper is a relatively well grounded and well researched statement which draws on contemporary theoretical sociological concepts to support the assertion that reducing inequality is the key to improving health for all. However the assertion that the demonstration of a social gradient of health predicts that a reduction in inequality will lead to health benefits for all is a rather broad statement and requires closer examination. The intention of this essay is to examine the social gradient of health, whose existence has been well established by the Whitehall Studies (Marmot 1991), and, by focusing on those groups at the lower end of the social gradient, determine whether initiatives to address inequalities between social classes will lead to health benefits for those classes at the lower end of the social scale. The effectiveness of past initiatives to address these social and health inequalities will be examined and recommendations made as to how these initiatives might be more effective. The social gradient described by Marmot and others is interrelated with a variety of environmental, sociopolitical and socioeconomic factors which have been identified as key determinants of health. These determinants interact with each other at a very complex level to impact directly and indirectly on the health status of individuals and groups at all levels of society; â€Å"Poor social and economic circumstances affect health throughout life. People further down the social ladder usually run at least twice the risk of serious illness and premature death of those near the top. Between the top and bottom health standards show a continual social gradient. † (Wilkinson Marmot 1998) In Australian society it is readily apparent that the lower social classes are at greater disadvantage than those in the upper echelons of society; this has been discussed at length in several separate papers on the social gradient of health and its effects on disadvantaged Australian groups (Devitt, Hall Tsey 2001, Robinson 2002, Caldwell Caldwell 1995). Within the context of the social gradient of health it can be inferred that Indigenous groups, for example, are particularly susceptible to ill health and poor health outcomes as they suffer inordinately from the negative effects of the key determinants of health. A simple example of this is the inequality in distribution of economic resources: â€Å"Average Indigenous household income is 38% less than that of non-Indigenous households. † (AHREOC 2004). The stress and anxiety caused by insufficient economic resources leads to increased risk of depression, hypertension and heart disease (Brunner 1997 cited in Henry 2001). Higher social status and greater access to economic resources is concomitant with a reduction in stress and anxiety levels, as individuals in these groups have more control over economic pressures which create this stress. This simple comparison proves that the social gradient of health accurately reflects how socioeconomic determinants affect the health of specific social classes at the physiological level. An extension of the research into the social gradient and the determinants of health is the examination of the pathways through which specific social groups experience and respond to these determinants. These ‘psychosocial pathways’ incorporate psychological, behavioural and environmental constraints and are closely linked to the determinants of health; â€Å"Many of the socio-economic determinants of health have their effects through psychosocial pathways. † (Wilkinson 2001 cited in Robinson 2002). These pathways have been demonstrated by Henry (2001) in the conceptual model of resource influences (Appendix A), a model which illustrates the interaction between the constraints mentioned above and their impact on health outcomes. Henry states that a central differentiator between classes is the amount of control an individual feels they have over their environment. Whereas an individual from a lower class group holds a limited sense of control over their well being and consequently adopts a fatalistic approach to health, those in higher classes with a stronger sense of control over their health are more likely to take proactive steps in ensuring their future wellbeing. This means that both individuals will cope differently with the same health problem. This is partly as a result of socioeconomic or environmental determinants relative to their situation, but it is also a result of behavioural/physical constraints and, most importantly, the modes of thought employed in rationalising their situation and actions. In essence these psychosocial pathways occupy an intermediate role between the social determinants of health and class related health behaviours. This suggests that, while the social gradient of health is a good predictor of predisposition to ill health among specific classes, it cannot predict how reducing inequality in itself will affect health outcomes or how a specific social class will respond to these changes. An examination of some initiatives aimed at reducing inequality in the indicators of health outcomes reveals this problem; â€Å"In 1996 only between 5% and 6% of NT Aboriginal adults had any kind of post secondary school qualification compared with 40% of non-Aboriginal Territorians. † (ABS 1998). Within the context of the social gradient of health, education is an important indicator of health outcomes. It is evident from the quote above that there exists huge inequality within the Northern Territory education system; this suggests an increased likelihood of ill health for Aboriginal people in later life. Even though there have been initiatives to address this inequality in one of the indicators of health outcomes (Colman 1997, Lawnham 2001, Colman Colman 2003), they have had only a minimal impact on Indigenous second level education rates (ABS 2003). This is partly due to the inappropriateness of these initiatives (Valadian 1999), but it is also due to the disempowerment and psychosocial malaise (Flick Nelson 1994 cited in Devitt, Hall Tsey 2001) which are a feature of Indigenous interaction and responses to the social determinants of health. Research has also been carried out into how effecting change in the inequalities in other indicators of health might affect health outcomes. Mayer (1997) cited in Henry (2001) examined the effects of doubling the income of low income families and concluded it would produce only modest effects. Henry believes that this points to the strong influence of the psychological domain in influencing health behaviours. This suggests that the key to better health for all lies not just in reducing inequality between the classes but also in changing those elements of the psychological domain which influence health behaviour. Another example of the gap between initiatives to reduce inequality and their impact on those inequalities is evident in an examination of economic constraints experienced by Indigenous Australians on social welfare. Price and McComb (1998) found that those in Indigenous communities would spend 35% of their weekly income on a basket of food, compared to just 23% of weekly income for those living in a capital city for the same basket of food. To combat this inequality it would seem logical to reduce the price of food in Indigenous communities or else increase the amount of money available to those living in remote communities, i. e. a socioeconomic approach. It has already been established that increasing income has only modest effects and in combination with the fact that smoking, gambling and alcohol account for up to 25% of expenditure in remote communities (Robinson 2002), how can it be guaranteed that the extra funds made available through either of the two suggestions above would be employed in achieving a desirable level of health? One possible suggestion is that a socioeconomic approach must be complemented by a psychosocial approach which addresses those abstract modes of thought, cultural norms and habits and health related behavioural intentions which dictate healthful behaviours. â€Å"Culture and culture conflict are factors in Aboriginal health. But instead of the emphasis being placed on Aboriginal failure to assimilate to our norms, it should rather be put on our failure to devise strategies that accommodate to their folkways. † (Tatz 1972 cited in Humphrey Japanangka 1998) Any initiative which hopes to resolve inequality in health must incorporate a sound understanding of the influence of the psychosocial pathways relative to the class level and cultural orientation of that group, otherwise its success will be modest at best. Using Henry’s model of resource influences provides a framework for understanding how addressing these psychosocial pathways can lead to greater uptake of initiatives designed to address these inequalities. An analysis of the National Tobacco Campaign (NTC 1999) reveals how this initiative failed to impact significantly on Indigenous smoking rates. This was a purely educational initiative which aimed to raise awareness of the effects of smoking on health. One of the primary flaws of its design was its failure to even acknowledge those Indigenous groups at the lower end of the social scale; it also failed to communicate the relevance of its message to Indigenous people; â€Å"The only thing is that when it comes to Aboriginal people, they will not relate to Quit television advertisements because they don’t see a black face†¦. I’ve heard the kids say ‘Oh yeah, but that’s only white fellas’. They do. † (NTC 1999) Not only did this initiative fail to connect with Indigenous people, it also failed to influence the elements of the psychological domain which legitimate such high rates of smoking. Within Indigenous culture smoking has become somewhat of a social practice, with the emphasis on sharing and borrowing of cigarettes (Gilchrist 1998). It is ineffectual to put across messages about the ill effects of smoking if the underlying motivation of relating to others is not addressed. In a report conducted on Indigenous smoking (AMA APMA 2000 cited in Ivers 2001), it was suggested that one of the key themes of an initiative aimed at reducing indigenous smoking rates should be that smoking is not a part of Indigenous culture. The ‘Jabby Don’t Smoke’ (Dale 1999) is an example of an initiative whose design attempted to influence accepted social norms. Its focus was primarily on children, thereby acknowledging the importance of socialization and the instillation of cultural norms at an early age. Unfortunately no data is available detailing its impact on smoking rates. As mentioned earlier in this essay, another feature of the psychological domain which has an effect through the psychosocial pathways is the modes of thought employed in rationalising actions and responses to various determinants and constraints. Self efficacy or the amount of perceived control over one’s situation is an important contributor to health status; â€Å"Empowered individuals are more likely to take proactive steps in terms of personal health, whilst disempowered individuals are more likely to take a fatalistic approach† (Henry 2001) Examples of initiatives which have strived to empower Indigenous people in being responsible for their own health include ‘The Lung Story’ (Gill 1999) and various health promotion messages conveyed through song in traditional language ( Castro 2000 cited in Ivers 2001, Nganampa Health Council 2005). By encouraging Indigenous people to address these issues in their own way, the amount of perceived control over their own health is increased thereby facilitating a greater degree of self efficacy. The intention of this essay has not been to deny that the social gradient of health does not exist or that it is not an effective tool in creating understanding of where social and health inequalities lie. Unfortunately programs and initiatives which have been guided by the social gradient of health and have been purely socioeconomic in their approach have failed to have a significant, sustainable effect on health inequalities. In the US, despite socioeconomic initiatives to resolve inequality, the gap between upper and lower class groups has actually widened in recent times (Pamuk et al 1998 cited in Henry 2001). The scale of the intervention required to ensure a sustained impact on health inequalities has been discussed by Henry (2001), he also highlights the need to garner substantial political will in order for these changes to happen and makes the point that those in the upper classes are relatively content with the present status quo. This essay has attempted to demonstrate that in an environment where well grounded, evidence based socioeconomic initiatives are failing to have the desired out comes, it is perhaps time to focus more on altering those strongly held health beliefs which not only dictate responses to social determinants of health but also dictate responses to initiatives designed to address these inequalities; â€Å"Healthful behaviours are due to more than just an inability to pay. A mix of psychological characteristics combines to form distinctive behavioural intentions†. (Henry 2001) In the current environment of insufficient political will and finite resources it would be prudent to use every tool available to ensure initiatives aimed at reducing inequality between the classes will have the maximum amount of benefit. This approach is not a long term solution, but until it is possible to achieve the large scale social remodelling necessary to truly remove social inequality, and consequently health inequality, it is the most viable solution available. REFERENCES. ABS, 2003. ‘Indigenous Education and Training’, Version 1301. 0, A Statistical Overview, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, viewed 22nd August 2005, http://www. abs. gov. au/Ausstats/[emailprotected] nsf/Lookup/FC7C3062F9C55495CA256CAE000FF0D6 A statistical overview of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia 2004, Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission (AHREOC), Sydney, viewed 20th August 2005, http://www. hreoc. gov. au/social_justice/statistics/. Brunner, E. 1997. ‘Stress and the Biology of Inequality’. British Medical Journal. No. 314, pp 1472-1476. Castro, A. 2000. ‘Personal Communication’. No other details available. Caldwell, J. Caldwell, P. 1995. ‘The cultural, social and behavioural component of health improvement: the evidence from health transition studies’, Aboriginal Health: Social and Cultural transitions: Proceedings of a Conference at the Northern Territory University, Darwin 28-30th September. Colman, A. 1997. ‘Anti-racism Course’, Youth Studies Australia, Vol. 16, Issue 3, p. 9, viewed 22nd August 2005, EBSCOhost Database Academic Search Premier, item: AN 12878155. Colman, A. Colman, R. 2003. ‘Education Agreement’, Youth Studies Australia, Vol. 22, Issue 1, p. 9, viewed 22nd August 2005, EBSCOhost Database Academic Search Premier, item: AN 9398334. Dale, G. 1999. ‘Jabby Don’t Smoke, Developing Resources to Address Tobacco Consumption in Remote Aboriginal Communities’, Paper presented to the Eleventh National Health Promotion Conference, Perth. 23-26th May. Devitt, J. , Hall, G. , Tsey, K. 2001. ‘An Introduction to the Social Determinants of Health in Relation to the Northern Territory Indigenous Population’, Occasional Paper. Co-operative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health. Darwin. Flick, B. , Nelson, B. 1994. ‘Land and Indigenous Health’, Paper No. 3, Native Titles Research Unit, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra. Gilchrist, D. 1998. ‘Smoking Prevalence among Aboriginal Women’, Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 4-6. Henry, P. 2001. ‘An Examination of the Pathways through Which Social Class Impacts Health Outcomes’. Academy of Marketing Science Review, vol. 3, pp 1-26. Humphery, K. , Japanangka, M. D. , Marrawal, J. 1998. â€Å"From the Bush to the Store: Diabetes, Everyday Life and the Critique of Health Service in Two Remote Northern Territory Aboriginal Communities. † Diabetes Australia Research Trust and Territory Health Services, Darwin. Ivers, R. 2001. ‘Indigenous Australians and Tobacco; A Literature Review’, Menzies School of Health Research and the Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health, Darwin. pp. 67-80, 93-107. Lawnham, P. 2001. ‘Indigenous Push at UWS’, The Australian, 27th June, 2001. p. 34, viewed 22nd August 2005, EBSCOhost Database Academic Search Premier, item: AN 200106061025662941. Marmot, M. G. , Davey Smith, G. , Stansfield, S. , Patel, C. , North, F. , Head, J. , White, I. , Brunner, E. and Feeney, A. 1991. ‘Health Inequalities among British Civil Servants: the Whitehall II Study’, Lancet, 337, 1387. reading 1. 5. Mayer, S. 2001. What Money Can’t Buy: Family Income and Children’s Life Chances. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. National Tobacco Campaign. 1999. ‘Australia’s National Tobacco Campaign: Evaluation report Volume 1’. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra. Nganampa Health Council. 2005. Nganampa Health Council, Alice Springs. Viewed 23rd August 2005, http://www. nganampahealth. com. au/products. php Pamuk, E. , Makuc, D. , Heck, K. , Reubin, C. , Lochner, K. 1998. ‘Socioeconomic Status and Health Chartbook’. Health, United States. National Centre for Health Statistics, Maryland. Price, R. , McComb, J. 1998. ‘NT and Australian Capital Cities Market Basket Survey 1998’. Food and Nutrition Update, THS, Vol. 6, pp. 4-5. Robinson, G. 2002. ‘Social Determinants of Indigenous Health’, Seminar Series, Menzies School of Health Research. Co-operative Centre for Aboriginal Health. Valadian, M. 1999. ‘Distance Education for Indigenous Minorities in Developing Communities’, Higher Education in Europe, Vol. 24, Issue 2, p. 233, viewed 22nd August 2005, EBSCOhost Database Academic Search Premier, item: AN 6693114. APPENDIX A. CCONCEPTUAL MODEL OF RESOURCE INFLUENCES. [pic] Henry, 2001. .

Essay --

n the play "Tragedy of Macbeth", William Shakespeare presents many examples of foreshadowing which pulls the reader in and displays an interesting and unique way of story telling. Right from the beginning in (Act 1, Scene 1) three witches appear who are the main sources of foreshadowing and start the entire story by agreeing with one another to meet up again "when the battle's lost and won". Further along in the play the actual prophecies given by the three witches occur when they meet Macbeth and Banquo then greet Macbeth with three titles "Thane of Glamis" "Thane of Cawdor" and "King hereafter". Following after, the witches don't meet Macbeth again until (Act 4) and during this meeting Macbeth learns three more prophecies that foreshadow his life to come. The three prophecies are an armed head, a bloody child, and a child crowned with a tree in his hand. The importance of the opening scenes and further along in the play start to bring truth of the prophecies in Act 4. In the beginn ing (Act 1, scene 1) of Macbeth the appearance of three witches shed light to what might happen. Everything starts to unravel when the three witches declare to meet up again with each other "when the battle's lost and won". Also a short time after that they yell out together "fair is foul, and foul is fair" this foreshadows that some sort of evil will be coming and that there will also be a victory of sorts to either the witches or the main character in the story, but the audience doesn't know specifically what is to happen. These also suggest a great battle will be fought against good and evil. However these events that are soon to follow will unfold at a rapid pace. This foreshadowing can be detected by the audience because they can feel the suspense... ...liam Shakespeare: Macbeth, the three witches are used as prophets that convey Macbeth's future fate directly to him. Macbeth detects these prophecies not as absolute truths but as predictions that might come true depending on if he thinks they are good or not. For instance at the beginning when the witches declare that they will meet again with each other "When the battle's lost and won". Also when the three witches meet Macbeth and Banquo, they greet Macbeth as three titles. Finally, when The three witches appear to him again they provide three more prophecies that ring actual truth to what is going to happen. The use of these characters in foreshadowing adds to the "tragedy" of the tragedy. Macbeth was foreshadowed or prophesied to commit these acts and die and he knew some and still failed to see them. This adds to the brilliance of Shakespeare's tragedy, Macbeth.