Competition Mergers of Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Competition Mergers of Companies - Essay Example It provides communication and entertainment answers to the majority of countries in the European Union. CaixaBank is a financial enterprise that is controlled entirely by the La Caixa Group of companies. It is the parent company of La Caixa Companies that deal with banking and other related activities. It mainly operates in Spain and other European countries and the international presence are felt through strategic alliances with key financial institutions. Banco Santander is the main company of the Banco Group of companies that deals major in international banking. It is active in retail banking, asset management, insurance and investment banking in most of the European Countries. Telefonica, CaixaBank and Banco Santander merge to form a new company. The companies are the notifying parties in the creation of Newco. The notifying companies provide the relevant documents that are used in the merger control of the joint venture. Newco will be active in Spain and it will develop an ecosystem that will be able to offer its members with numerous services. The services will be available online and will be accessible by many individuals online. Each of the Notifying parties will hold equal shareholding in Newco. They will have equal chances to exercise control over the company. It means that they will have a joint control over the Newco. Newco is expected to perform the functions of an economic enterprise in Spain. There will be a management team that will be run the day to day activities of the company. The management team will have access to the resources of the company that include finance and the assets of the company. The company will provide online services to numerous individuals in Spain. The services will include digital advertising services that will provide a chance to individuals in the digital world to advertise their products. The virtual community will be able to able to interact online and provide mobile-based couponing and loyalty services.     

Nursing Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Ethics - Essay Example Initially, I felt my skills of dealing with all levels of people, right attitude, patience, showing empathy, being a good listener directed me to help others, which further strengthened me mentally. Every new case I dealt with, I observed that the patient had to recover from a serious injury, illness or a surgery that had moved the client emotionally. So, I had to create an emotional or a psychological environment to facilitate the adjustment for the client to cope with the changes. It is a real challenge to get the customer cope with, adapt and adjust to the new environment. Also, I had to establish trusted and supportive relations with the customers and his/her family to enable them to deal with the situation. My moving to the nursing profession was neither a consequence of this previous experience nor a chance, but only triggered by my utmost urge to serve others and give them the care they deserved. Post my high school, I pursued Bachelor’s degree in nursing and acquired j ob as a nurse in the hospital associated with the college from where I graduated. When I started working as a nurse, I never realized that I had entered a new profession or doing something new, may be, because of my previous experience as human service worker. I did not feel there is much difference between a human service worker and a nurse from a psychological/mental perspective. However, nursing profession requires advanced education and knowledge; most importantly, governed by strong ethical principles. In my earlier days of working with social service organization, I always believed that human beings have to care for fellow human beings who are underprivileged in some way or the other. Although I knew that not all people believe in this, I still expected that people should consciously follow this as a principle of life. However, today I have a better concept of caring for people which makes me

U.S. Employment Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

U.S. Employment Regulations - Essay Example The primary goal of the company is to comply with existing American laws regarding employment, as well as to deter and to respond to all kinds of harassment in the workplace. The white paper explains related U.S. employment regulations and discusses implications for the company’s global workplace. Employment Laws This section discusses all critical employment laws. Most of them are obtained from the Employment Law Guide: Laws, Regulations, and Technical Assistance Services of the DOL. Wages and Hours Worked: Minimum Wage and Overtime Pay The Wage and Hour Division (WHD) implements the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The Act provides policies for minimum wages, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor. It gives exemptions for minimum wage and overtime pay (See Appendix A). The Act obliges employers of covered employees to pay them a minimum wage of not less than $7.25 per hour (DOL, 2004). Youth employees, who are below 20 years of age, may receive a minimum wage of not lo wer than $4.25 an hour, during the first 90 successive calendar days of employment (DOL, 2004). Employers are not allowed to terminate existing employees to hire youth or people whom they can pay the youth minimum wage (DOL, 2004). Furthermore, employers can adopt a piece-rate basis in paying employees, as long as the latter get at least the required minimum hourly wage rate and overtime for hours worked that are more than 40 hours in a workweek (DOL, 2004). In addition, the Act allows the employment of particular individuals at wage rates below the statutory minimum wage, as long as they get certificates from the Department of Labor.

Crime and Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime and Poverty - Essay Example Money is often reinvested from the open market to the black one to bring about high yet risky return in urban areas. This kinds od risks are even higher when this activity is controlled by mobs and gangs who make money on the account of others. The children who live in these areas do not have realistic role models, which results in them looking up to those people who get rich through those experiencing poverty. There are some theories that suggest that people are to blame for ending up in poverty themselves. It is true that today’s neighborhoods infested with gangs often invest in their own downfall by earning money through crime. However, the misfortune of America has much to do with the actions in the Civil War. There are speculations among some communities that suggest that slaves were turned loose after the Civil War not having proper education, nor a fair chance to provide for themselves or their families in a legal way. Along with the already lowered perception of these slaves, this caused a long term severance in social and economic standards of equality and education, as well as of opportunities. Many politicians through history tried to solve the problems of poverty, but nothing this serious and of this magnitude can be solved overnight. It may take a long time to improve means of wealth distribution and a society-wide commitment to solving this problem of poverty as well as the crime, but it is worth every minute spent. â€Å"It has been said that a civilized society is best measured by how it treats the poor. If such is the case, we Americans are abject failures. Nationwide over 20% of our children live in poverty. In Los Angeles 30% of all children are poor.†(Carl C. Holmes) These impoverished children are 2.7 times more likely to suffer stunted growth, and twice as likely is the chance for them to suffer serious physical or mental disabilities. Poor children score much lower on achievement tests and the level of illiteracy among the p oor is too large and disgraceful. If we could call poverty a disease, we could say that it is a most devastating disease that people can suffer. The poor do not suffer just economically, but also suffer lack of opportunity, education, health care, as well as much more violence, disease rates and imprisonment at much higher rates than those who are in better conditions in the community. They are often executed for capital crimes for which regular people wouldn’t be executed. It was thought of poverty to be the most noticeable cause of crime. However, this had an influence on many people to decide to form voluntary associations to help the poor and prevent them from committing a crime and ending up in prison. The way they saw it was that the poor need what others have and to get those things they turn to crime. This connection seems solid on the surface, but more closely, it is not the best perspective for viewing this situation. Certain voluntary organizations have the effect on a large portion of the battle between crime and poverty. These organizations had a goal to see that the criminals were treated fairly and to prevent crime by cutting it in the bud. They also try to help reform free convicts and by doing that also to improve the society. One of these associations was the Prison Discipline Society whose goal it was to ensure that the prisoners were treated fairly and kept in livable conditions. The theory which suggests that crime

Transformational Change Essay Example for Free

Transformational Change Essay The Transformational learning process conceived by Jack Merzirow has four stages. Transformational learning is a process to help people solve their problems and help them to make life changes. The four stages are; recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely , finding a solution, and integrating a new perspective as well as a new set of assumptions into your life pattern. Recognizing a significant problem is the first step in being able to figure out what the problem or issue is in your past or current life. Once you are able to recognize the problem you will be able to talk out the situation or problem with someone. Confronting a problem intensely is difficult. Especially once you have to be honest with yourself. If you are having a difficult time in your life it makes it difficult to remain calm and level headed. Most people have a hard time looking at themselves and realizing they need help. If you remain calm and level headed you will be able to see the problem and figure out a solution. Finding a solution to the problem or situation can be a process. Once you are able to look at the problem calmly and rationally a decision or solution will come easier. You will be able to start to see light at the end of the tunnel. The steps to the solution will become more clear. Integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into your life you must be able to understand new ideas, thoughts, and points of views differently. Realizing this will help guide all of your expectations to the right direction and way of thinking. You will realize that being open to new ideas and thoughts will help you to make the right decision and feel good about it. When you face a significant issue in your life, such as considering a totally new career or adopting a value system required by a new relationship, you are entering a learning cycle with complex challenges. Although the learning resulting from a significant experience of this kind may be renewing, its outcome is likely to be more far-reaching than that. Because of the depth of its outcomes, this type of learning experience is called transformational. It produces a new level of meaning in your life. Inevitably, the transformational learning cycle moves through the stages of recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely, finding a solution, and integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into your life pattern. This process requires a great deal of reflection and is often painful and stressful. Transformation, though desirable, rarely comes easily. It separates life into distinct â€Å"before† and â€Å"after† realities. ) Source taken from Ashford Textbook Chapter 5. 2. When I was 22 I found out I was pregnant. This was a terrible time in my life. I was working three jobs just to make ends meet for myself. I had been dating my now husband Jeremy,but at that time boyfriend of only six months. We were friends for a year before we started dating. At the time I was on two different types of birth control for medical reasons and was told I would not be able to get pregnant. Being young and stupid I never questioned my Doctor any more about it. I was in disbelief. In my mind there was just no way. I was also still menstruating. Anxiety, questions and depression were all I could think about when I found out. I had to confront this issue but how? First my biggest concern how far along was I? Second should I have the baby, have an abortion or give it up for adoption? Last how did this happen? Once I confronted the issue with Jeremy we were both scared and angry at each other we ended up breaking up. I was emotional and scared. He was young and immature. I found out I was four months along, this limited my options. I decided to keep the baby. Now she is 15 beautiful and smart. I explained to Jeremy I would be keeping her. We did not talk till I was a little over seven months. I reached my seventh month before we decided together to come up with a solution. We both knew we wanted to be together. Neither of us wanted to be without the other but we were so scared and young we didnt know what to expect. I decided to quit one job and only work two. I had my own apartment so he moved in with me. It was really difficult for us the first couple of years, mostly trust was the issue. Trust is something we both value. Now that we have been married and together for a total of 18 years we look at things differently. We have to keep an open mind and listen to each other. We don’t always get along but we do have respect for each other. Together we have a friendship and a bond that will last us for the rest of our lives. Ideas, thoughts and emotions are always changing just like points of views and expectations. I know now my expectations of Jeremy are completely different for when we first got together. Mezirow identified seven phases occurring in the challenging learning process: experiencing a disorienting dilemma, self-examination, critical assessment of assumptions, recognizing that others have gone through a similar process, exploring a process, formulating a plan of action and reintegration. Mezirows self-examination was the biggest and hardest for me in the beginning of our relationship. I felt like we had rushed into having a baby and moving in together. I was questioning myself as well as Jeremy. I felt like I didnt know him well enough but then on the other hand we had created life. I knew I loved Jeremy and there was not anyone else I wanted to be with. I just knew he was not ready to be a father or a husband at that time. I would look at myself and wonder for the first 3 years we were together and wonder if I made the right choice for me. I had so many plans and Jeremy and my daughter were not in them. Now I look back and I am happy with the choices I made. I just wish I had went to college instead of just working to pay the bills. The transformational learning process created by Mezirow has helped people to identify their problems and life choices. Once you use they processes to figure out the problem you will be able to find the correct solution.

Technique Of Video Streaming Using Opnet Tools Computer Science Essay

Technique Of Video Streaming Using Opnet Tools Computer Science Essay With the popularization of mobile technique, many users obtain various multimedia services through heterogeneous internet. Among these services, video streaming application is most challenging. Because of time constraint and VARIABLE BITRATE (VBR) property of a video, the problem of streaming high quality video in insufficient external WAN bandwidth. To solve this problems we are reviewing different technique like OPTIMAL CACHE ALGORITHM, MOSES (mobile streaming for video surveillances) etc. To make the good quality video streaming, we have to work on some different parameters like latency, image quality, video fluidity and frame losses. The mobile technique is most popularized and brought a great revolution in this 21stcentury.There are some terms like mobile video surveillance,video streaming which helps to do the mobile technology more and more advanced. This paper is basically focus on how the video streaming done using OPNET tools. For this we refer to the broad class of emerging real-time video surveillance. In mobile video streaming all the issues related with video garbing, processing, interpretation and dispatching of multimedia data becomes more challenging due to the presence of mobile platforms either in the transmitting or receiving side, wirelessly interconnected. For video streaming Givaldi and Prati proposed a streaming system called MOSES (mobile streaming for video surveillance), that effectively implements the described general purpose architecture for mobile video surveillance. MOSES supports video streaming in different condition, aiming at low-latency transmission over limited bandwidth network. The video stream is provided with a sufficient quality to be correctly analyzed by both human-based and computer-based video surveillance layers. To this aim we propose a optimization of the streaming process with an adaptive control of the streaming parameters. In this paper we also discussed how OPNET can be applied in modern video streaming technique. Network simulation is a major part of this OPNET modeler. It is useful to create the network and for the video streaming process. Basic steps which are used for video streaming technique are following:- Video Compression Principles and practice of video coding Basics behind MPEG compression algorithms Current image video compression standards Video Communication Video Streaming I Video application contexts examples: DVD and Digital TV Challenges in video streaming over the Internet Techniques for overcoming these challenges Video Communication Video Streaming II Video over loss packet network and wireless links à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Error-resilient video communications Today There are lots of streamed video techniques are available till now. JPEG :- It is a joint photographic experts group, which is basically a single frame image compression. It mainly consists of minimum implementation, which are required to support some specific applications. MPEG:-It is a moving picture experts group. This process will work under the direction of ISO (International Standard Organization). In this basically, the ISO do coding of moving pictures. H.261:-This is one of the best processes found in the field of video compression. This process was completed with the help of algorithm known as motion compression algorithm. The H.261 video technique is use for the communication channel. RELATED WORKS:- In this paper we are reviewing different algorithms which are proposed by some reacher fellows on video streaming technique. They proposed different algorithms to resolve the problems of video streaming. In this paper, we are reviewing the following algorithms which are already proposed in the video streaming field. Cut-off Cache (CC) Algorithm :- This algorithm was proposed by Zhang et al. This algorithm use to handle the video staging process. In cut-off cache algorithm, the frames which are available inside the given video are sequentially compare with given cut-off rate. Cut After Smoothing Algorithm:- This is the next version of CC algorithm which was also proposed by Zhang et al. In this he had given the information about the utilization of WIDE AREA NETWORK bandwidth. This is also used to handle the video staging in more effective way. Optimal Cache (OC) algorithm:- The Optimal cache (OC) algorithm, is basically proposed to compute the video caching with linear complexity (O(n) , where n is the number of frames). The concept behind the OC algorithm is same as the CC algorithm but the main advantage is we can also use the concept of WAN bandwidth. Cache Selected After Smoothing Algorithm (CSAS). In this algorithm the researcher integrates two video processors and then combine it with cache selected process. After some years Chang,Ho and Oyang gave some other contribution on this field.They just tried to propose some other algorithms which is helpful for video streaming of high bandwidth. Priority Selected Cache(PSC) algorithm:- PSC algorithm is the modified version of the optimal cache algorithm. In this we have to select the frame data which are having maximum number of high priority. In this we have to replace the low priority frame with the high priority frames. Review Analysis:- In this paper we are basically dealing with the OPNET modeler. The original OPNET simulation model for MPEG-2 streaming was developed in the year 2000 by Srinivas Kandala and Sachin Despande. Theoretical Concepts:- Any video if we will take for an experiment it basically contain certain frames and that frames are having particular size. The following three variables which helps us for video streaming. Scene Length Distribution :-A particular movie or video which we have to compress is having certain scene in it. We have to divide those scenes with particular length. That process is called scene length distribution. Frame Size Distribution :- We know that one particular scene will contain certain frames . Now the frame type or size is essential aspect of model. Each and every frame has certain size. Stream Structure:- When we divide the particular video in certain scene and frame length than we can see that each scene containing certain pictures thats called GOP( group of pictures).This is called the stream structure. Node Model Design:- Now in this paper we are theoretically defining how we can create a node model using OPNET which helpful for us in video streaming technique. There are certain processes in OPNET by the help of that we can create a video streamed model. In OPNET we have to use constant bitrates stream (CBR). When we use CBR, the process model in OPNET is very simple, just use the standard. Simple source module and set the frame size and frame interarrival time to the desired value. When a stream is used scenes with high entropy get more bandwidth resulting in a higher visual quality. Because different streams tend to have high entropy. A scene at different moments in time, a bitrates is divided very efficiently, when several streams are transmitted over a packet switched network. Hence, by the help of this process we can easily make an OPNET model which helps in video streaming. CONCLUSION:- The theoretical concepts of video streaming using OPNET modeler are explained in this paper. An OPNET model was used to program low level process modules. The packet segmentation support allows the model to be used over several underlying protocols. The simulation results shows that it is based on the high level characterized in the time domain, the behavior of streamed video using OPNET models and streamed video using different algorithm is similar. For video streaming we basically have to follow some steps like video compression, video streaming 1, video streaming 2 etc. Current image and video compression standards:- STANDARD APPLICATION BITRATE JPEG Continuous-tone still-image compression Variable H-261 Video telephony and teleconferencing over ISDN P * 64 kb/s MPEG-1 Video on digital storage media (CD-ROM) 1.5 Mb/s MPEG-2 Digital Television 2-20 Mb/s H.263 Video telephony over PSTN 33.6-? Mb/s MPEG-4 Object-based coding, synthetic content, interactivity Variable JPEG-2000 Improved still image compression Variable H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Improved video compression 10s 100s Kb/s After reviewing all the above algorithm which are proposed till today we can conclude that , all the algorithm are used for different purpose in video streaming technique. Like some algorithms are used only for normal streaming but Cache Selected After Smoothing Algorithm (CSAS) and Priority Selected Cache (PSC) algorithm are basically used for the video streaming which are having very good quality with less bandwidth and low latency. The upcoming techniques for video streaming process are peer-to-peer, internet technique, wireless video streaming technique.

Influence of Culture in Nursing Curriculum | Research

Influence of Culture in Nursing Curriculum | Research Amber Hussain Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the influence of culture in nursing curriculum. 30 nursing instructors participated in the study. A questionnaire was distributed, which included five thematic categories. Findings revealed that teachers view definition of culture differently and they are aware of its importance in nursing in order to provide cultural sensitive patient care, but they view student diversity as challenging in classroom setting. Introduction: Development of curriculum plays a vital role in creating educational change. In order to improve classroom practices and students learning, large-scale curriculum reforms are instigated but these often fall short. There can be variety of reasons for these shortfalls, among which cultural influence is one. To develop and implement a high quality curriculum, a culture-sensitive approach to curriculum development is necessary (Nijhuis, Pieters Voogt, 2013). This approach have equal or even more importance in the field of nursing, as nurses are the one who are confronted with patients who belong to different cultural backgrounds. According to Spritzer et al. (1996), in order to improve nurse’s cross-cultural awareness, major efforts have been made to develop culturally sensitive theoretical knowledge. To develop this awareness, teacher has to play a major role as; teachers’ multicultural competency is becoming an increasingly vital element in educational curriculum (Malta, 2012). Therefore, a teacher’s role is to be aware of their own culture, student’s culture and make students sensitive to cultural diverse patient care, which can be implemented by using varied teaching strategies in classroom setting. According to Maltby (2008), there are a variety of teaching techniques that can be used to engage students in the process of becoming culturally competent such as role plays, using exemplars and web-based interactions. Methodology Using convenience sampling, 30 nursing instructors of more than 1 year experience, participated in study. The participants teach at different teaching institutions of nursing i.e. Ziauddin college of Nursing, Baqai College of Nursing and Aga Khan University School of Nursing. A survey questionnaire was given to rate responses according to five broad aspects: definition of culture, cultural content, students’ diversity, teachers own cultural values and classroom pedagogies on 3 point likert scale (refer Appendix A). Results The study found that the definition of culture is perceived differently by different teachers. 83% view it as lifestyle of people, 33% believe that it is transformed from one generation to another and 37% perceive it as identity of people. 77% teachers disagree that cultural diverse patient care is incorporated in nursing curriculum taught in Pakistan and almost the same percentile (80%) of teachers agreed with the consensus that the curriculum is adapting from west and it diverts students from own culture. 73% stated that diversity among students creates conflict and it arise difficulty in students learning.100% teachers perceive that they are aware of their own culture, 93% knew that it is their responsibility to know about student’s culture and therefore 83% believe that it is important to train teachers regarding cultural diversity. 80% believe that they also face challenge to teach multicultural class. Majority of teachers use different teaching pedagogies like ice breake r (90%), case studies (77%), internet/videos (70%), reflections (67%) and group work (86%), still there are few who are not using these pedagogies. Discussion To investigate what teachers think about the role of culture in teaching and learning in nursing curriculum, questions were asked from them. Results are presented in appendix B and C. The results suggest that teachers in nursing schools perceive the understanding of culture differently. Majority view it as life style of people and few perceive it as identity of people and few believe that it is transformed from one generation to another .There are various understandings regarding culture. According to Stephens (2007, as cited in Nijhuisetal., 2013), culture gives meaning to beliefs and actions of individual and societies. It is an ideational tool which can be used to describe and evaluate that action. Nijhuis, Pieters and Pieters (2013) view culture as static or fixed phenomena. For nursing content part, results show that 77% of the teachers disagree with the opinion that the curriculum present in local context provides enough cultural information. These finding indicated that the kind of information available on the textbooks is not sufficient to teach the culture, which indentifies a gap in the curriculum content that expose students to foreign culture. Maltby (2008) also questioned the depth of cultural content taught in nursing curriculum. Moreover 80% agree that, nursing curriculum is adapted from western culture and it diverts students from their local culture. The idea emphases that, as most of the textbooks of nursing are adapted from foreign culture, they may cause learners to lose their own cultural identity. According to Thomas (1997) Poor contextual curriculum leads to cultural mismatches on the level of local context. In relation to the cultural diversity in students, majority of instructors reported that their classroom students are culturally diverse, and they believe that this creates challenge for both students and teachers, for example for teachers it would be difficult to respect and inculcate each individual student’s cultural needs and use teaching strategies accordingly, whereas, for students, diversity creates difficulty in reaching to a consensus. According to Phuntsog (2001) diversity in student directs teachers to provide equal opportunities to all students irrespective of their culture, caste and learning style. On the other hand, according to Marshall (1995) many institutions value cultural diversity but find it as challenging in a group work because there is a probability of developing a false consensus, as one think differently than other. Moreover, Majority of teachers have reported that they are familiar with their own cultural values and responsible towards knowing student cultural values. This brings forward the idea of culturally responsive teachers who takes the cultural identities of the students in the classroom into account. This would help teachers to teach in a way that recognizes that each learner is an individual, with a particular cultural inheritance, who may rely on a different ways of knowing. According to Malta (2012) by recognizing student diversity it would be possible for teachers to become aware of cultural barriers and learn to teach from a culturally sensitive perspective. Apart from this, majority of teachers had consensus on importance of receiving cultural training, since course trainings would help them to handle cultural themes and topics in more ease due to gaining proficiency in the subject area. Lastly, the study shed light on what kind of activities teachers practice in their Classrooms. Majority of teachers agree that they use different teaching methodologies i.e. icebreakers, case studies, videos, internets, reflection writing and group work, in order make students understand their own culture, be socially comfortable and understand aspects of foreign culture. These findings are parallel to that of Gonen and Saglam (2012) whereby teachers use different channels of information which expose students to foreign culture. Therefore, teachers develop a critical view towards foreign culture and these various sources of information a use to foster understanding of diverse culture. Conclusion In conclusion, culture has an influence in nursing curriculum in the area of content, teaching and learning. In the field of nursing, there is a lack of in depth content regarding culturally diverse patient care and that limited knowledge is mainly adapted from foreign culture due to which we tend to neglect the aspect of native culture. Moreover, students and teachers’ diverse cultural background and values are also affecting the learning outcome in classroom setting. Therefore, it is important for teachers to incorporate those teaching pedagogies which foster the concept of cultural sensitive patient care and respect among each other. References Davidhizar, R., Giger, J.N. (2002). Teaching culture within nursing curriculum using the GigerDavidhizar model of transcultural nursing assessment. Journal of Nursing Education, 40 (6), 282-284. Flintoff, V.J., Rivers, S. (2012). A reshaping of counseling curriculum: responding to the changingcultural context. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 40 (3), 235-246. Malta, B.V. (2012). Am I culturally competent? A study on multicultural teaching competencies among school teachers in Malta. The Journal of Multiculturalism in Education, 8 (1), 1-43. Maltby, H.J. (2008). A reflection on culture over time by baccularte nursing students.Contemporary Nurse, 28 (1), 111-118. Marshall, S.P. (2006).Cultural competence in nursing curricula: How are we doing 20years later? Guest Editorial, 45(7), 243-244. Nijhuis, C.G., Pieters, J.M., Voogt, J.M. (2013). Influence of culture on curriculum development in Ghana: an undervalued factor? Curriculum Studies, 45(2), 225-250. Phuntsog, N. (2001). Culturally responsive teaching: what do selected United States elementary School teachers think? Intercultural Education, 12, 51-64. Ruth, L.A. (2003). A critical way of knowing in a multi cultural nursing curriculum. Intuition a Way of Knowing, 24 (3), 129-134. Sairanen, R., Richardson, E., Kelly, L., Bergknut, E., Koskinen, L., Lundberg, P., Muir, N., Olt, H., Vlieger, L. (2013). Putting culture in the curriculum: A European project. Nurse Education in Practice.13, 118-124. Simunovi, V.J., Hren, D., Ivanis, A., Dorup, J., Krivokuca, Z., Ristic, S., verhaaren, H., Sonntag, H., Ribaric, S., Tomic, S., Vojnikovic, B., Selescovic, H., Dahl, M., Marusic, A., Marisic, M. (2007). Survey of attitudes towards curriculum reforms among medical teachers in different socio-economic and cultural environments. Curriculum Reforms among Medical Teachers, 29, 833-835. Spitzer, A., Kesselring, A., Ravid, C., Tamir, B., Granot, M., Noam, R. (1996). Learning about another culture: project and curricular reflections. Journal of Nursing Education, 35 (7), 322-328. Thomas, E. (1997). Developing a culture-sensitive pedagogy: tackling a problem of melding ‘global culture’ within existing cultural contexts. International Journal of Educational Development, 17(1), 13–26. Vikers, D. (2010). Social justice: A concept for undergraduate nursing curricula. Southern Online Journalof Nursing Research, 8(1). Appendix A: Questionnaire used for data collection along with consent form: Purpose: The purpose of this project study is to identify the influence of culture on nursing curriculum. In this study, culture refers to values, beliefs, language and customs of a particular people that impact the area of nursing education and practice. The project basically analyze the presence of cultural content in nursing curriculum and its significance, effects of students diverse cultural characteristic in classroom learning and teachers competency in relation to culture. Consent: This is a project being conducted by Amber Hussain MSCN student in a course of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning at IED (institute of Educational Development). You are invited to participate in this project because you are associated with teaching in nursing profession. Your participation in this study is voluntary. The procedure involves filling a questionnaire. Your responses will be kept confidential and the results of this study will be used for research purpose. Participant Signature: ______________________ Appendix B: Compilation of the responses received by respondents on a 3 point likert scale: Appendix C: Graphical representation of the responses based on 5 broad categories: Graph 1: The above graph depicts that 83% of the teacher’s view culture as a lifestyle of people and about one third of the respondents view it as people identity and a permanent phenomena which is transformed from one generation to another. Graph 2: The above graph shows that 77% of the teachers believe that nursing curriculum taught in Pakistan does not provide opportunities for culturally diverse patient care but 77% of the respondents agreed that the nursing curriculum reflect patient’s values and beliefs. Around 80% of the respondent’s view that nursing curriculum is adopted from western culture and it alienates students from native culture. Graph 3: The above graph depicts that more than 77% of the teacher’s agreed that the student body in classroom is culturally diverse. Around 70% of the respondents also agreed that the language barriers create difficulty in learning and diversity creates conflicts in classroom. Graph 3: Graph 5: The above graph depicts that more than 70% of the teacher’s use the above teaching methodologies frequently in order to achieve different learning objectives.